oracle常用命令集锦

来源：www.45fan.com 2016-09-05 16:35:49

oracle常用命令集锦

1、查看数据文件的位置：
SQL> select file#,status,enabled,name from v$datafile; ]
2、查看控制文件：
SQL> select * from v$controlfile;
3、查看联机日志：
SQL> select * from v$logfile;

//2005年1月7日9:48:44

4、查看当前数据库运行的存档日志模式、归档日志的位置等信息
SQL>archive log list
数据库日志模式存档模式
自动存档启用
存档终点 /ora_arch/arch
最早的概要日志序列 1
下一个存档日志序列 3
当前日志序列 3
5、起用归档模式
SQL>alter database [dbname] archivelog;

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数据库系统启动方面
1、启动数据库监听和服务启动控制台监听配置：
[oracle@owbsrv oracle]$ cd /
[oracle@owbsrv /]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
[oracle@owbsrv bin]$ ls
[oracle@owbsrv bin]$ lsnrctl start
[oracle@owbsrv bin]$ agentctl start
[oracle@owbsrv bin]$oem console

[oracle@owbsrv bin]$netca

2、启动数据库的几种方式
SQL> conn sys/pwd@wh as sysdba

在进入后就可以进行下面的操作了
关闭数据库：
SQL>shutdown normal 需要等待所有的用户断开连接
SQL>shutdown Immediate 等待用户完成当前的语句
SQL>shutdown Transactional 等待用户完成当前的事务
SQL>shutdown Abort 不做任何等待，直接关闭数据库

数据库启动使用startup命令，它有三种情况
第一种：不带参数，启动数据库实例并打开数据库，以便用户使用数据库，在多数情况下，使用这种方式！
第二种：带nomount参数，只启动数据库实例，但不打开数据库，在你希望创建一个新的数据库时使用，或
者在你需要这样的时候使用！第三种：带mount参数，在进行数据库更名的时候采用。这个时候数据库就打
开并可以使用了！

数据库系统对象方面

1、修改system用户默认表空间和临时表空间
svrmgrl
connect internal/oracle
alter user system default tablespace TOOLS;
alter user system temporary tablespace TEMP;
exit
2、

oracle有没有存放数据库的所有用户以及所有表的系统表？
1、oracle有没有存放数据库的所有用户以及所有表的系统表？
2、要获取一个数据库的所有用户怎么办？
3、要获取一个数据库的所有表怎么办？
4、要获取一个用户的所有表怎么办？
5、要获取一个表的所有字段及其数据类型怎么办？

1、有
2、dba_users、all_users
3、dba_tables/dba_objects
4、all_tables/all_objects、user_tables/user_objects
5、dba_tab_columns、all_tab_columns、user_tab_columns

一般来说，数据字典表中，以dba_开头的，是整个数据库所有的信息，以owner来区分。
以all_开头的，是本用户可以访问的所有信息，包括不属于本用户创建的对象。
以user_开头的，是本用户所建立的所有信息。

在dba_和all_开头的数据字典表中，你使用where owner ='你要查询的用户名（大写）'可以得到你想要的用户下相关信息。
如果你是排除sys和system，那么用where owner<>'SYS' and owner <> 'SYSTEM'

一般来说，你自己创建的用户，应该还是看得出来的。系统会自己创建一些用户。

或者这样，select username, to_char(created, 'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS') from all_users order by created;

看看创建的时间，基本上也可以知道了。Oracle自己创建的用户时间肯定都集中在最开始几分钟到几十分钟内。从SYS和SYSTEM开始。

数据库性能调整方面

1、碎片整理中，察看自由空间
---- 由于自由空间碎片是由几部分组成，如范围数量、最大范围尺寸等，我们可用FSFI--Free Space Fragmentation Index（自由空间碎片索引）值来直观体现：

FSFI=100*SQRT(max(extent)/sum(extents))*1/SQRT(SQRT(count(extents)))

---- 可以看出，FSFI的最大可能值为100（一个理想的单文件表空间）。随着范围的增加，FSFI值缓慢下降，而随着最大范围尺寸的减少，FSFI值会迅速下降。
---- 下面的脚本可以用来计算FSFI值：

rem FSFI Value Compute
rem fsfi.sql
column FSFI format 999,99
select tablespace_name,sqrt(max(blocks)/sum(blocks))*
(100/sqrt(sqrt(count(blocks)))) FSFI
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name order by 1;
spool fsfi.rep;
/
spool off;

---- 统计出了数据库的FSFI值，就可以把它作为一个可比参数。在一个有着足够有效自由空间，且FSFI值超过30的表空间中，很少会遇见有效自由空间的问题。当一个空间将要接近可比参数时，就需要做碎片整理了。

2、自由范围的碎片整理

---- （1）表空间的pctincrease值为非0

---- 可以将表空间的缺省存储参数pctincrease改为非0。一般将其设为1，如：

alter tablespace temp
default storage(pctincrease 1);

---- 这样SMON便会将自由范围自动合并。也可以手工合并自由范围：
alter tablespace temp coalesce;

3、段的碎片整理
---- 我们知道，段由范围组成。在有些情况下，有必要对段的碎片进行整理。要查看段的有关信息，可查看数据字典dba_segments，范围的信息可查看数据字典dba_extents。如果段的碎片过多，将其数据压缩到一个范围的最简单方法便是用正确的存储参数将这个段重建，然后将旧表中的数据插入到新表，同时删除旧表。这个过程可以用Import/Export（输入/输出）工具来完成。

---- Export（）命令有一个（压缩）标志，这个标志在读表时会引发Export确定该表所分配的物理空间量，它会向输出转储文件写入一个新的初始化存储参数--等于全部所分配空间。若这个表关闭，则使用Import（）工具重新生成。这样，它的数据会放入一个新的、较大的初始段中。例如：

exp user/password file=exp.dmp compress=Y grants=Y indexes=Y
tables=(table1,table2);

---- 若输出成功，则从库中删除已输出的表，然后从输出转储文件中输入表：
imp user/password file=exp.dmp commit=Y buffer=64000 full=Y

---- 这种方法可用于整个数据库。

数据库备份恢复方面
1、查看数据文件的位置：
SQL> select file#,status,enabled,name from v$datafile; ]
2、查看控制文件：
SQL> select * from v$controlfile;
3、查看联机日志：
SQL> select * from v$logfile;

4、查看当前数据库运行的存档日志模式、归档日志的位置等信息
SQL>archive log list
数据库日志模式存档模式
自动存档启用
存档终点 /ora_arch/arch
最早的概要日志序列 1
下一个存档日志序列 3
当前日志序列 3
5、起用归档模式
SQL>alter database [dbname] archivelog;

日志管理方面 -待修改

1.forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;

3.adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:/oracle/oradb/log');
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo02.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:/oracle/oradb/log/oradb.ora');
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/file1.dbf' size 100m,
sql> 'c:/oracle/oradata/file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/user_data01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:/oracle/oradata/temp01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.droping tablespace
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf';

表

1.create a table
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

索引

1.creating function-based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

2.create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;

2.parallel direct-load insert
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;

3.using sql*loader
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger /
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl /
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true

reorganizing data

1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:/emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.transporting a tablespace
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4.checking transport set
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是，表示自包含

managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

2.user_provided password function
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

3.create a profile : password setting
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql> password_grace_time 5;

4.altering a profile
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5.drop a profile
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6.create a profile : resource limit
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost
dba_Users,dba_profiles

8. enable resource limits
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

2.change user quota on tablespace
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

3.drop a user
sql> drop user juncky [cascade];

4. monitor user
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

managing privileges

1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

2.grant system privilege
sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until

4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users

5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

6.revoke system privilege
sql> revoke create table from karen;
sql> revoke create session from scott;

7.grant object privilege
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

9.revoke object privilege
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$

11. protecting the audit trail
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

12.statement auditing
sql> audit user;

13.privilege auditing
sql> audit select any table by summit by access;

14.schema object auditing
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;

15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts

16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

manager role

1.create roles
sql> create role sales_clerk;
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;

2.modify role
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;

3.assigning roles
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4.establish default role
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role all;
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role none;

5.enable and disable roles
sql> set role hr_clerk;
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
sql> set role none;

6.remove role from user
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql> revoke hr_manager from public;

7.remove role
sql> drop role hr_manager;

8.display role information
view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat

2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
> shutdown immediate
> cp files /backup/
> startup

5.restore to a different location
> connect system/manager as sysdba
> startup mount
> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
> alter database open;

6.recover syntax
--recover a mounted database
>recover database;
>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
>alter database recover database;
--recover an opened database
>recover tablespace user_data;
>recover datafile 2;
>alter database recover datafile 2;

7.how to apply redo log files automatically
>set autorecovery on
>recover automatic datafile 4;

8.complete recovery:
--method 1(mounted databae)
>copy c:/backup/user.dbf c:/oradata/user.dbf
>startup mount
>recover datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf;
>alter database open;
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
>copy c:/backup/user.dbf c:/oradata/user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
>recover datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' or
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter database datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' online or
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
>startup mount
>alter database datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' offline;
>alter database open
>copy c:/backup/user.dbf d:/oradata/user.dbf
>alter database rename file 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' to 'd:/oradata/user.dbf'
>recover datafile 'e:/oradata/user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
>alter database create datafile 'd:/oradata/user.dbf' as 'c:/oradata/user.dbf''
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
> copy files /backup/
> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
> alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
> shutdown abort
> cp files
> startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
>alter database datafile 2 end backup;

9.clearing redo log file
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

10.redo log recovery
>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:/oradata/redo03.log' size 1000k;
>alter database drop logfile group 1;
>alter database open;
or >cp c:/oradata/redo02.log' c:/oradata/redo01.log
>alter database clear logfile 'c:/oradata/log01.log';(CCW)

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oracle常用命令集锦

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